HEY YOU!
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First off, thank you for stopping by and giving our E-Journal a read :)
Secondly we sincerely hope by stopping by our page, you - the reader, have discovered Something new. Something fun. Something tangible. But most importantly something to take back and ponder over.
yep. that's right you. reading this page ...
First off, thank you for stopping by and giving our E-Journal a read :)
Secondly we sincerely hope by stopping by our page, you - the reader, have discovered Something new. Something fun. Something tangible. But most importantly something to take back and ponder over.
“Remember, remember always, that all of us, and you and I especially, are descended from immigrants and revolutionists.”
― Franklin D. Roosevelt
BANGLADESHI MIGRANTS IN INDIA
What is Migration?
In zoology, ‘migration’ refers to the seasonal movement of animals from one region to another. Many animals undertake migration in search of food or to escape extreme temperatures. Humans often migrate as well. "the migrations of humans are often undertaken !ith a vie! to settle in the new location. oftentimes, this migration is over long distances.
Internal migration refers to the migration of people within a country
e.g., in the 1900's , African American slaves migrated Within the country from the south to the north, to escape persecution.
External migration takes place when people migrate from one country to another
e.g., refugees from East Pakistan/Bangladesh migrated to India during the Bangladeshi freedom struggle to escape West -Pakistani forces.
A clear distinction should be made between immigration and emigration.
Immigration
refers to migrants entering a foreign country.
Emigration
refers to migrants leaving their own country to settle in another.
In zoology, ‘migration’ refers to the seasonal movement of animals from one region to another. Many animals undertake migration in search of food or to escape extreme temperatures. Humans often migrate as well. "the migrations of humans are often undertaken !ith a vie! to settle in the new location. oftentimes, this migration is over long distances.
Internal migration refers to the migration of people within a country
e.g., in the 1900's , African American slaves migrated Within the country from the south to the north, to escape persecution.
External migration takes place when people migrate from one country to another
e.g., refugees from East Pakistan/Bangladesh migrated to India during the Bangladeshi freedom struggle to escape West -Pakistani forces.
A clear distinction should be made between immigration and emigration.
Immigration
refers to migrants entering a foreign country.
Emigration
refers to migrants leaving their own country to settle in another.
What is difference between Migrants and Refugees?
- A migrant is a person who makes a conscious choice to leave their country to seek a better life elsewhere. Before they decide to leave their country, migrants can seek information about their new home, study the language and explore employment opportunities. They can plan their travel, take their belongings with them and say goodbye to the important people in their lives. They are free to return home at any time if things don’t work out as they had hoped, if they get homesick or if they wish to visit family members and friends left behind.
- Refugees are forced to leave their country because they are at risk of, or have experienced persecution. The concerns of refugees are human rights and safety, not economic advantage. They leave behind their homes, most or all of their belongings, family members and friends. Some are forced to flee with no warning and many have experienced significant trauma or been tortured or otherwise ill-treated. The journey to safety is fraught with hazard and many refugees risk their lives in search of protection. They cannot return unless the situation that forced them to leave improves.
Types of Migrants
people migrate for different reasons. migrants tend to move across different countrys or regions due to their circumstances or self made choices in today's contemporary world. there are various types of migrants. A few are listed below...
- Economic migrants
It is mostly done from a less developed economic country to a country or region with better economic conditions.
It is also assumed that people migrate from colonies to the main region of the imperial power. In short economic prosperity and a chance to have a better living is what these migrants wish to obtain when they migrate.
- Political Migrants
These are people who migrate due to wars , civil wars or state policies which discriminate against particular groups of citizens or sections. They basically move or migrate due to political reasons.
such people do not wish to return to the country from which they migrated due to fear of government and its policies or the fact that their new home has better economic and political policies.
- Environment Migrants
These are those migrants who choose to move or are forced to flee
to another country or region due to economic problems in their own country or
regions.
It could be massive environmental disasters or even health dangering
environmental problems which may affect their well- being or livelihood.
- Family reunion
these are migrants who move to join the members of their family in other countries. it could even be a girl moving in in another country where the husband resided after marriage or the parents migrating to another country to spend time with the children residing there.
Reasons of Migration
- Migrations are caused by a variety of factors including economic, social and political factors. They are briefly described as under.
1. Marriage:
Marriage is a very important social factor of migration. Every girl has to migrate to her in-law’s place of residence after marriage. Thus, the entire female population of India has to migrate over short or long distance. Among the people who shifted their resistance more than half (56.1%) moved due to marriage in 1991.
2. Employment:
People migrate in large number from rural to urban areas in search of employment. The agricultural base of rural areas does not provide employment to all the people living there. Even the small-scale and cottage industries of the villages fail to provide employment to the entire rural folk. Contrary to this, urban areas provide vast scope for employment in industries, trade, transport and services. About 8.8 per cent of migrants migrated for employment in 1991.
3. Education:
Rural areas, by and large, lack educational facilities, especially those of higher education and rural people have to migrate to the urban centres for this purpose. Many of them settle down in the cities for earning a livelihood after completing their education.
4. Lack of Security:
Political disturbances and interethnic conflicts drive people away from their homes. Large number of people has migrated out of Jammu and Kashmir and Assam during the last few years due to disturbed conditions there.
People also migrate on a short-term basis in search of better opportunities for recreation, health care facilities, and legal advices or for availing service which the nearby towns provide.
5.‘Pull’ and ‘Push’ Factors:
Urban centres provide vast scope for employment in industries, transport, trade and other services. They also offer modem facilities of life. Thus, they act as ‘magnets’ for the migrant population and attract people from outside. In other words, cities pull people from other areas. This is known as “pull factor”.
People also migrate due to ‘push factors’ such as unemployment, hunger and starvation. When they do not find means of livelihood in their home villages, they are ‘pushed’ out to the nearby or distant towns.
Millions of people who migrated from their far-off villages to the big cities of Kolkata, Mumbai or Delhi did so because these cities offered them some promise for a better living. Their home villages had virtually rejected them as surplus population which the rural resources of land were not able to sustain any longer.
Issues raised because of Migrants-
The Indian Government has a lot of problems because of migrants. The major issues happening of this migration has affected the following states
mentioned below:
- West Bengal
- The other Indian state affected by this problem, West Bengal, remained mostly calm during this period. However Indian newspapers reported that "the state government has reports that illegal Bangladeshi migrants have trickled into parts of rural Bengal, including Nandigram , over the years, and settled down as sharecroppers with the help of local Left leaders. Though a majority of these immigrants became tillers, they lacked documents to prove the ownership of land.
- The Government of Bangladesh has denied India's claims on illegal immigration.
- After 2001 census the anxiety somewhat reduced when the growth rates were found to have returned to near normal level, particularly in West Bengal, thus negating the fear that there was an unabated influx of migrants. Although some concern remains.
- Kerala
- Lately, Bangladeshi illegal migrants have been moving to Kerala owing to the high wages for unskilled and semi-skilled laborers, and also the presence of sizable Muslim population in the state. The Kerala police are reportedly finding it difficult to check the influx of these Bangladeshi illegal migrants. Kerala State Intelligence officials said they found that a large section of Migrant laborers in Kerala claiming to be from West Bengal were actually from Bangladesh.
Problems with National Security
The editional view of security focussed on the application of force at the state level and was therefore a fairly narrow view, hinging on military security. It is now widely acknowledged that there is more to security than purely military factors. Today’s definition of security acknowledges political, economic, environmental, social and human among other strands that impact the concept of security.
However, the problem with such a broad definition of security is that anything that generates anxiety or threatens the quality of life gets labelled as a ‘security problem’, with a consequent loss of focus.
Over the past decade and a half, ‘internal security’ requirements have grown phenomenally. There are unrests of various shades and hues in different states of our country, borne out of equally diverse causative factors. The addressing of these causes and maintenance of order are, nearly in all cases, a matter of internal governance and therefore, squarely within the purview of the civil administration and the police forces.
The rampant spread of Left-Wing Extremism (Left-wing terrorism, sometimes called Marxist–Leninist terrorism or revolutionary/left-wing terrorism, is terrorism meant to overthrow capitalist systems and replace them with socialist societies) is particularly worrying and tackling the problem requires a well-thought out strategy. However, the increasing demand on the Armed Forces to assume ‘law and order’ responsibilities is clearly an undesirable trend.
Much has also been reported about our handling of intelligence in the past and also in the aftermath of the 1999 Kargil War and more recently, the Mumbai terror attacks. Our intelligence agencies need to be more focussed towards long term intelligence forecasting and therefore, must direct efforts towards anticipatory security planning – predicated on actionable intelligence inputs, in addition to immediate and short-term requirements.
The editional view of security focussed on the application of force at the state level and was therefore a fairly narrow view, hinging on military security. It is now widely acknowledged that there is more to security than purely military factors. Today’s definition of security acknowledges political, economic, environmental, social and human among other strands that impact the concept of security.
However, the problem with such a broad definition of security is that anything that generates anxiety or threatens the quality of life gets labelled as a ‘security problem’, with a consequent loss of focus.
Over the past decade and a half, ‘internal security’ requirements have grown phenomenally. There are unrests of various shades and hues in different states of our country, borne out of equally diverse causative factors. The addressing of these causes and maintenance of order are, nearly in all cases, a matter of internal governance and therefore, squarely within the purview of the civil administration and the police forces.
The rampant spread of Left-Wing Extremism (Left-wing terrorism, sometimes called Marxist–Leninist terrorism or revolutionary/left-wing terrorism, is terrorism meant to overthrow capitalist systems and replace them with socialist societies) is particularly worrying and tackling the problem requires a well-thought out strategy. However, the increasing demand on the Armed Forces to assume ‘law and order’ responsibilities is clearly an undesirable trend.
Much has also been reported about our handling of intelligence in the past and also in the aftermath of the 1999 Kargil War and more recently, the Mumbai terror attacks. Our intelligence agencies need to be more focussed towards long term intelligence forecasting and therefore, must direct efforts towards anticipatory security planning – predicated on actionable intelligence inputs, in addition to immediate and short-term requirements.
United Nations Declaration on Human Rights
This segment of our migration story may seem seemingly odd to talk about with respect to the rest of this write up. However fundamental Human Rights Violations have taken the migrant community by storm these past few decades. So being well- informed about your rights with regards to the world community as a whole (In this case the UN) is quite essential!
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 General Assembly resolution 217 A as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected. The resolution itself comprises of the usual preamble consisting of operative clauses, followed by the actual resolution itself which comprises of 30 Articles!
Each article clearly lays down the fundamental rights of each and every human being. A copy of the whole resolution is affixed below for any further reference.
This segment of our migration story may seem seemingly odd to talk about with respect to the rest of this write up. However fundamental Human Rights Violations have taken the migrant community by storm these past few decades. So being well- informed about your rights with regards to the world community as a whole (In this case the UN) is quite essential!
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 General Assembly resolution 217 A as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected. The resolution itself comprises of the usual preamble consisting of operative clauses, followed by the actual resolution itself which comprises of 30 Articles!
Each article clearly lays down the fundamental rights of each and every human being. A copy of the whole resolution is affixed below for any further reference.
Apart from this the official International Migration Policies 2013 set forth by the UN, has proved to be instrumental in helping lay down rules and regulations to maintain world migration levels as a whole. International Migration Policies 2013 wall chart provides up-to-date and objective information on Government views and policies on immigration and emigration for all 193 Member States and three non-Member States of the United Nations. On immigration, it includes information on policies on major types of migration and migrant integration. On emigration, it includes information on policies to encourage the return of citizens and policies on diaspora matters. The wall chart also includes information on estimates of international migrant stock, female share of international migrants, net migration rate, and remittances. Again, the official Chart is available below for any further references :)